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Epidemiology Study Types: Cohort and Case-Control
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April 12, 2015Epidemiology Study Types: Cohort and Case-Control
Epidemiology Study Types: Randomized Control Trial http://youtu.be/553TxUhtEbk
Complete the attached table on Epidemiologial Study Designs. References that will help you to complete this grid include: the Videos link module, the Helpful Notes on Epidemiolgic Studies. Internet research sources will also be helpful.
You may either type your responses onto the table provided, or utilize another typed format, such as an outline.
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Attachment
Epidemiologic Study Design Grid
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Study Attributes |
Name of Study Design |
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Type of Study design
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Intervention Clinical Trials |
Intervention Field Trials |
Observational Cohort |
Observational Case Control |
Observational Cross-Sectional |
Observational Routine Data-Based |
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Purpose of the Study Design Application
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Data Collection Methods Units of observation/analysis Number / type of observations |
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Timing of information, exposure (cause) and outcome (effect)
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Strengths / Advantages
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Weaknesses/ Disadvantages / Limitations
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Measure of Effect utilized
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Helpful Notes on Types of Epidemiologic Studies
- There are Two main types of epidemiologic studies: Interventional (experimental) and Observational
- In Intervention studies, the investigator allocates the study subjects into different study groups. The intervention and the control group should be similar in all respects apart from the exposure under study.
- There are Two types of Intervention studies: Clinical Trials and Field Trials
- In Clinical Trials, the main aim is to assess the value of new forms of treatment.
- In Field Trials the objective is to evaluate whether an intervention decreases the risk of disease among disease-free people. Field Trials can be conducted on an Individual level (an individual) or on the Community level (a group of people).
- In Observational Studies the researchers limit themselves to observing the occurence of disease in people who have been segregated into different exposure groups.
- There are Various Types of Observational Studies: Cohort, Case-Control, Cross-sectional and Routine-data-based
- In Cohort Studies a population is selected and the exposure status of its members is asessed. The cohort is followed up in time and the occurrence of disease in the different exposure groups is measured and compared.
- In Case-control Studies a group of patients with a particular disease or condition (cases) and a suitable group of subjects without that disease (controls) are selected and their past exposure to specific risk factors is compared.
- In Cross-sectional Studies a sample of subjects from a defined population is selected and infromation on the exposure and outcome of interest is collected simultaneously at a singel point in time.
- In Routine-data-based studies, the data are derived from routine data-collection systems, e.g. cancer registration or death certificate), and data is evaluated on either an individual level if the information is available for each of the subjects or on aggregated level (ecological studies).
- Once the data from a particular study have been collected, the association between the exposure and the outcome of interest can be quantified by calculating an appropriate Measure of Effect.
- Measures of Effect may be expressed as either the ratio of the measure of disease occurrence in the exposed relative to that in the unexposed,known as the Relative Measure, or the difference between the two, known as the Absolute Measure.
- Relative Measure is important when assessing etiology.
- Absolute Measure is more useful for evaluations of the public health impact.
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