For each of the following pieces of evidence, indicate whether the item is more likely to possess class or individual characteristics and explain your answers. a) […]

Discuss in details and justify surveillance by the government; Base your discussion on the case study provided in the link below

Atrazine is one of the most widely used agricultural pesticides in the U.S. that may be applied before and after planting to control broadleaf and grassy […]

The?discussion?of?MRP?thus?far?has?focused?on?the?basics,?often?referred?to?as?”little?MRP.”?It?is?important?to?understand?how?MRP?can?be?extended?to?make?it?more?useful?and?applicable?to?areas?of?the?business?beyond?operations. Capacity?Requirements?Planning As?mentioned?previously,?the?master?schedule?is?developed?from?the?aggregate?plan.?Thus,?the?master?schedule?can?provide?much?more?exact?measures?of?the?capacity?requirements?than?the?aggregate?plan?can.?As?the?master?schedule?is?developed,?rough-cut?capacity?planning?is?used?to?check?capacity?requirements?against?capacity?availability.?Rough-cut?capacity?planning?does?not?take?into?account?lead-time?offsetting,?or?the?amount?ahead?of?time?that?component?parts?must?be?made?to?meet?the?master?schedule?for?end?items.?MRP?can?form?the?basis?for?much?more?detailed?capacity?calculations?because?MRP?performs?lead-time?offsetting?when?it?generates?planned?order?releases.?For?parts?made?in-house,?the?planned?order?releases?generated?by?MRP?indicate?exactly?when?certain?parts?must?be?made?and?in?what?quantity.?Those?planned?order?releases?will?initiate?a?series?of?production?requirements?on?the?machines?and?equipment?used?to?produce?those?parts?and?subassemblies.?These?demands?consume?a?portion?of?capacity?of?the?machines?and?equipment.?Using?a?routing?sheet,?which?indicates?the?sequence?of?machines?or?work?centers?through?which?a?part?must?pass?during?processing?and?the?labor?standards,?it?is?possible?to?determine?capacity?requirements?at?each?operation. Figure?9.21?shows?planned?order?releases?for?tricycle?axle?supports,?along?with?information?contained?in?the?routing?sheet?for?that?part.?In?each?week,?the?run?time?on?each?machine?is?multiplied?by?the?order?quantity?for?that?week?and?then?added?to?set-up?time?to?get?capacity?requirements.?This?procedure?is?done?for?each?work?center?and?each?week. Figure?9.21:?Capacity?requirements?planning?for?tricycle?axle?supports The?information?generated?in?Figure?9.21?is?only?for?one?part.?Many?other?parts?would?also?generate?capacity?requirements?at?the?same?work?centers.?By?adding?together?all?the?capacity?requirements?for?each?work?center?in?each?week,?a?total?figure?for?capacity?requirements?will?be?generated.?The?total?capacity?requirements?placed?on?a?work?center?during?a?given?time?period?are?called?the?load.?The?output?of?capacityrequirements?planning?(CRP)?is?usually?in?the?form?of?a?load?report,?or?load?profile,?which?is?a?graphical?representation?of?the?load?on?each?work?center?by?time?period.?An?example?of?a?load?report?is?shown?in?Figure?9.22. Figure?9.22:?Drill?work?center?load?report Closed-Loop?MRP Capacity?requirements?planning?is?of?significant?benefit?in?ensuring?that?a?company’s?plans?are?realistic?and?can?be?implemented.?However,?MRP?can?only?project?what?should?happen?if?demand?is?as?forecasted?on?the?master?production?schedule.?In?reality,?machines?may?break?down,?deliveries?from?suppliers?may?be?delayed,?or?some?other?calamity?may?occur.?If?these?events?are?not?reflected?back?in?the?MRP?plan,?then?that?plan?will?be?invalid. Closed-loop?MRP?provides?feedback?about?the?execution?of?production?plans.?By?tracking?what?actually?happens?on?the?shop?floor?and?then?reflecting?that?information?in?the?MRP?record,?plans?can?be?kept?valid.?Instead?of?”launching”?orders?with?no?information?about?completion,?closed-loop?MRP?provides?the?feedback?loop?necessary?to?keep?information?up?to?date. Manufacturing?Resource?Planning?(MRP?II) Many?companies?have?found?that?material?requirements?planning?can?greatly?improve?their?operations?through?better?planning.?MRP?also?forces?companies?to?better?coordinate?the?activities?of?operations,?marketing,?and?purchasing.?The?master?schedule?will?have?implications?for?finance,?personnel,?workforce?requirements,?and?purchases?of?materials.?A?company?must?be?sure?that?its?operations?plan?fits?appropriately?with?the?business?plan.?All?functional?areas?must?base?their?activities?on?the?plan.?To?do?that,?an?extension?of?MRP?has?been?developed?called?manufacturing?resource?planning. Manufacturing?resource?planning,?or?MRP?II,?as?it?is?commonly?called?to?differentiate?it?from?material?requirements?planning?(MRP),?is?a?way?of?tying?all?parts?of?an?organization?together?to?build?on?the?strategic?plan.?The?strategic?plan?is?an?overall?blueprint?that?specifies?the?company’s?objectives?and?how?it?plans?to?reach?them.?The?operations?function?will?develop?its?own?goals?and?plans?to?help?achieve?the?corporate?objective,?as?will?the?marketing,?finance,?and?all?other?departments?of?the?organization.?The?actions?of?one?functional?area,?however,?will?have?an?impact?on?the?other?areas.?For?instance,?if?marketing?plans?a?promotional?effort?that?will?greatly?increase?sales,?then?operations?must?be?ready?and?able?to?produce?enough?product?to?meet?that?increased?demand.?Hiring?more?employees?or?buying?additional?equipment,?which?will,?in?turn,?have?a?major?impact?on?the?financial?area,?may?be?necessary.?Because?the?operations?activity?is?such?an?integral?part?of?any?organization,?it?can?be?especially?vulnerable?to?the?actions?taken?by?other?departments,?and?will?have?a?large?influence?on?other?areas?of?the?company?through?its?actions. Planned?orders?can?also?provide?information?about?expected?expenditures.?Purchase?order?releases?can?be?used?to?estimate?future?payments?to?suppliers.?Shop?order?releases?will?generate?needs?for?machine?time?and?labor,?so?that?they?can?also?be?used?to?estimate?future?expenses.?Before?the?development?of?MRP?II,?companies?used?cost?accounting?primarily?as?a?way?to?determine?success?after?the?fact.?It?was?a?way?to?find?out?what?it?had?cost?to?do?what?was?already?done. MRP?II?can?change?the?way?companies?operate.?By?generating?cost?projections,?it?is?possible?to?plan?for?production?costs?ahead?of?time?and?then?compare?actual?costs?to?these?projections.?Any?major?deviations?can?be?spotted?and?investigated.?A?related?advantage?with?MRP?II?is?that?it?can?be?used?to?answer?what-if?types?of?questions.?Using?MRP?II,?a?company?can?estimate?the?effect?of?a?supplier?cost?increase?and?develop?strategies?to?address?it,?instead?of?trying?to?respond?after?the?fact.?Figure?9.23?shows?how?MRP?II?connects?all?parts?of?the?organization. Figure?9.23:?MRP?II MRP?in?Service?Organizations Although?MRP?was?originally?developed?for?manufacturing?companies,?it?can?also?be?applied?to?service?organizations.?Instead?of?the?master?schedule?representing?goods?to?be?produced,?it?can?represent?services?to?be?provided. For?example,?an?airline’s?master?schedule?could?show?the?number?of?flights?from?different?cities?each?week.?In?this?case,?the?materials?required?to?provide?that?service?include?fuel?for?the?airplanes,?meals?for?the?passengers,?and?other?related?items.?Likewise,?hospitals?can?develop?a?master?schedule?showing?the?number?of?different?types?of?surgeries?each?week. ?iStockphoto/Thinkstock When?airlines?create?a?master?schedule?they?also?compile?a?list?of?materials?needed?to?provide?that?service?such?as?fuel?for?the?airplanes?and?snacks?for?the?passengers. Materials?required?include?various?surgical?supplies.?This?is?a?variant?of?MRP,?known?as?hospital?requirements?planning?(HRP). Although?some?surgeries?are?emergencies,?many?others?are?scheduled?in?advance.?Historical?information?about?emergency?surgeries?can?be?combined?with?those?that?are?scheduled?to?develop?a?master?schedule.?MRP?can?then?be?used?to?convert?the?master?schedule?into?requirements?for?medical?equipment,?instruments,?supplies,?operating?rooms,?and?staff.?Houston’s?Park?Plaza?Hospital?has?used?this?approach?to?improve?management?of?expensive?inventory. Distribution?Requirements?Planning?(DRP) In?the?retail?setting,?the?MRP?approach?has?been?applied?so?widely?that?a?variant?of?MRP,?called?distribution?requirements?planning(DRP),?has?been?developed.?In?this?way,?the?MRP?planning?logic?is?applied?to?requirements?for?retail?outlets?or?warehouses. Distribution?networks?often?consist?of?local?outlets?or?service?centers?that?are?supplied?from?local?distribution?centers.?In?turn,?these?distribution?centers?may?be?fed?by?a?regional?or?national?warehouse.?By?thinking?of?each?level?in?the?distribution?network?as?a?level?in?a?bill?of?materials,?it?is?possible?to?see?that?orders?placed?by?the?service?centers?will?generate?gross?requirements?at?the?regional?warehouses.?Figure?9.24?shows?an?example?of?distribution?requirements?planning. […]

One?approach?that?has?been?used?in?the?past?for?material?planning?is?to?stock?all?items?at?all?times?(sometimes?called?just?in?case?inventory?control).?This?approach?requires?that?huge?inventories?be?maintained,?resulting?in?extensive?warehouse?space?and?a?large?amount?of?money?invested?in?that?inventory.?Even?then,?many?companies?found?that?certain?crucial?items?used?in?many?of?their?products?always?seemed?to?run?out?at?the?wrong?time.?No?matter?how?much?inventory?is?kept,?a?large?demand?for?certain?parts?can?deplete?supplies?quickly. Independent?Versus?Dependent?Demand Inventory?can?also?be?classified?according?to?the?type?of?demand?it?intends?to?serve.?The?type?of?demand?determines?which?methods?are?used?to?manage?inventory.?Independent?demand?is?demand?that?is?not?controlled?directly?by?the?company,?such?as?demand?from?customers.?Independent?demand?items?usually?include?finished?products,?such?as?the?completed?tricycle?or?replacement?parts?sold?to?customers.?Demand?for?such?items?is?generally?independent?of?a?company’s?production?plans.?Chapter?10?will?discuss?procedures?for?managing?this?type?of?inventory. ?iStockphoto/Thinkstock A?bill?of?materials?is?like?a?recipe,?listing?the?materials?needed?and?the?quantities?of?each.?It?also?provides?information?about?how?the?materials?combine?to?create?the?final?product. Dependent?demand?is?usually?demand?for?an?item?that?is?generated?by?a?company’s?production?process.?One?example?would?be?the?wheels?for?tricycles?that?a?company?produces.?Each?tricycle?has?three?wheels;?if?the?company?plans?to?produce?200?tricycles?in?a?given?week,?it?will?need?600?(200?��3)?wheels?that?week.?Thus,?the?demand?for?wheels?depends?on?the?production?of?tricycles.?To?manage?inventory?for?dependent?demand?items,?companies?often?use?material?requirements?planning?(MRP). The?idea?behind?MRP?is?simple;?it?is?like?planning?a?meal.?A?few?days?before?preparing?the?meal,?a?decision?is?made?about?what?to?serve.?The?person?who?will?prepare?the?meal?examines?the?recipe?to?determine?what?ingredients?are?required?to?make?the?meal,?checks?the?pantry?to?determine?which?ingredients?are?on?hand,?and?makes?a?list?of?the?ingredients?that?need?to?be?purchased.?A?trip?to?the?store?is?made?to?secure?items?that?are?not?currently?in?stock.?The?same?basic?approach?is?used?in?material?requirements?planning. The?master?schedule?is?analogous?to?the?menu,?which?states?what?will?be?served?for?the?meal.?Recall?that?the?master?schedule?indicates?which?items?and?how?many?of?each?item?to?produce.?A?bill?of?materials?is?like?the?list?of?ingredients?in?the?recipe,?which?tells?the?cook?the?amount?required?of?each.?The?bill?of?materials?(BOM)?lists?the?materials?needed?and?the?quantities?of?each.?Like?the?recipe,?it?also?provides?information?about?how?the?materials?come?together.?Inventory?records?will?show?how?much?is?on?hand.?From?this,?it?can?be?determined?which?parts?or?materials?will?come?up?short?and?how?much?more?of?each?item?is?needed. Data?Files?Used?by?MRP For?companies?today,?MRP?is?a?computerized?information?system.?As?such,?it?requires?data?to?provide?the?information?needed?for?decision?making.?The?three?most?important?data?requirements?of?MRP?are?the?master?production?schedule,?bill?of?materials,?and?inventory?records. ? Master?Schedule?File? For?MRP?purposes,?the?master?schedule?is?what?”drives”?the?system?and?generates?material?requirements.?As?mentioned?earlier,?this?master?schedule?may?be?at?the?finished-products?level?for?companies?such?as?Maine?Woods?that?manufacture?standard?products.?However,?for?companies?making?customized?products,?the?master?schedule?may?be?at?the?level?of?components?or?subassemblies. ? Bill?of?Materials?File A?bill?of?materials?serves?two?purposes.?First,?it?lists?all?the?components?of?a?product?and?the?quantities?needed?to?make?the?product.?Second,?it?shows?the?relationships?among?those?components,?which?indicates?product?structure,?or?how?the?items?fit?together.?For?example,?Figure?9.13?shows?an?exploded?view?of?the?tricycle?produced?by?Maine?Woods.?In?manufacturing?the?tricycle,?the?front?wheel,?its?supports,?the?axle,?and?the?steering?column?are?sub-assembled?before?the?entire?tricycle?is?put?together.?Likewise,?the?seat?and?rear?axle?supports?are?sub-assembled?before?final?assembly. One?way?to?indicate?these?subassemblies?is?through?a?product?structure?tree?diagram,?as?shown?in?Figure?9.14.?Notice?that?all?the?parts?brought?together?at?final?assembly?are?listed?together?on?level?1.?Any?parts?that?are?components?of?subassemblies?are?listed?on?level?2.?Connecting?lines?indicate?which?parts?belong?to?which?subassembly. Figure?9.13:?Exploded?view?of?Maine?Woods’?tricycle One?way?to?indicate?these?subassemblies?is?through?a?product?structure?tree?diagram,?as?shown?in?Figure?9.14.?Notice?that?all?the?parts?brought?together?at?final?assembly?are?listed?together?on?level?1.?Any?parts?that?are?components?of?subassemblies?are?listed?on?level?2.?Connecting?lines?indicate?which?parts?belong?to?which?subassembly. Figure?9.14:?Product?structure?tree?for?Maine?Woods’?tricycle An?indented?bill?of?materials?is?another?way?to?provide?structure?to?the?bill?of?materials.?A?tree?diagram?is?visually?appealing,?but?is?difficult?to?use?in?computerized?MRP?systems.?An?indented?bill?of?materials?is?used?by?MRP?to?provide?information?about?product?structure.?Each?item?is?identified?with?a?level,?as?shown?in?Figure?9.14.?An?indented?bill?of?materials?illustrates?each?level?indented?from?the?one?above?it.?Table?9.2?is?the?indented?bill?of?materials?for?Maine?Woods’?tricycle. Table?9.2:?Indented?bill?of?materials?for?Maine?Woods’?tricycle Level Part?no. Quantity Description […]

Now that you have practiced an argument deconstruction you will have a second go and a chance for some peer review and feedback. Learning to be […]

The popularity of mixed methods approaches in evaluation has increased significantly over the last decade, although there is still some controversy regarding these approaches. The mixed […]

Space Age Furniture Company Read ?Space Age FURNITURE COMPANY? in Chapter 9 of your text. Respond to the following and include any Materials Requirement Planning (MRP) […]

Comparable worth?refers to the requirement to pay men and women equal wages for jobs that are dissimilar but of?comparable?value (for instance measured in points) to the […]