Apply the theory of the interlocking treadmills of production and consumption to schoolwork and the pressure to get a degree, and then an advanced degree, and so on. For example, consider the rising levels of qualifications required to gain a good-paying job and the rising levels of consumption expectations that define what a “good-paying job” is and submit a paper.

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The Treadmill of Consumption

Meanwhile, the cycle of competitive and communal consumption accelerates. As one tries to keep up with the Joneses, the Joneses are trying to keep up with the neighbor on the other side, and up the line to Liberace, the Rockefellers, the Walton family, Queen Elizabeth, the Sultan of Brunei, and Bill Gates. And Bill Gates, the sultan, and the queen are constantly looking back over their shoulders.

Although the desire for more—more money, more stuff—is pervasive, one’s level of wealth has little to do with a sense of happiness, at least beyond a certain minimum. A 1982 study in Britain found that unskilled and partly skilled workers, the bottom of the pay scale, were indeed less happy than others (measured by asking if a respondent was “very pleased with things yesterday”). But skilled manual workers from the lower middle of the pay scale were actually slightly happier than better-paid, nonmanual, professional workers.⁵⁹ Several American studies have found that the poor are least happy but the wealthy are only slightly more satisfied with their standard of living than are others.⁶⁰

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